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| 0816 | Louis I the Pious |  |
| Pope Stephen IV makes the Romans swear fidelity to Louis I the Pious |
| 1006 | Henry II | |
| Agrees an alliance with Rudolf III of Burgundy |
| 1165 | Frederick I Barbarossa | |
| Manuel allies with Venice against Frederick I Barbarossa |
| 1186 | Frederick I Barbarossa | |
| Sicily Frederick's heir marries the Norman heiress of Sicily, Constanza di Apulia |
| 1317 | Frederick III | |
| The Bohemian nobles join Frederick III |
| 1444 | Louis IV | |
| Supports Edward III's claims to the French throne |
| 1495 | Maximilian I | |
| Provides financial support to Perkin Warbeck, pretender to the English throne |
| 1509 | Maximilian I | |
| Cambrai Joins the League of Cambrai against Venice but fails to capture Padua |
| 1513 | Maximilian I | |
| Joins the Holy League against France as an ally of Henry VIII of England |
| 1530 | Luther, Martin | |
| 27th Feb German Protestants form the Schmaldik League to resist the power of Emperor Charles V |
| 1629 | Wallenstein, Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von | |
| Suports the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth under Hetman Stanislaw Koniecpolski, which are fighting Sweden |
| 1631 | George William | |
| Brandenburg Forced to drop neutrality & ally with Sweden |
| 1631 | John George I | |
| Saxony Joins the Protestant alliance with Gustav II Adolphus |
| 1631 | William, George | |
| Brandenburg Forced to join the Protestants by Gustav II Adolphus |
| 1656 | Frederick William | |
| Berlin Joins an alliance with Sweden against Poland |
| 1674 | Frederick William | |
| Berlin Joins an alliance against France |
| 1679 | Frederick William | |
| Concludes an alliance with France |
| 1682 | John George III | |
| Saxony Helps Leopold I fight the Turks |
| 1685 | Frederick William | |
| Breaks the alliance with France & concludes a defensive pact with Holland |
| 1689 | Frederick I | |
| Joins the Grand Alliance against Louis XIV of France |
| 1701 | Frederick I | |
| Supports Leopold I |
| 1733 | Frederick William I | |
| Offers Emperor Charles VI an expeditionary force in Poland |
| 1741 | Frederick II the Great | |
| May France makes n alliance with Prussia within 5 weeks of Prussia's victory at Mollwitz |
| May France prepares to invade Austria in support of Charles Albert of Bavaria |
| 1744 | Frederick II the Great | |
| Allies with Louis XV |
| Prompted by Allied victories of 1743 & Maria Theresa's wish to regain Silesia |
| 1745 | Frederick II the Great | |
| 8th Jan Austria, Saxony, England & Holland unite against France, Bavaria & Prussia |
| 1756 | Frederick II the Great | |
| May An anti-Prussian alliance is formed of Austria, France, Russia, Sweden & Saxony |
| May England allies with Prussia |
| 1762 | Frederick II the Great | |
| Tsarina Elizabet dies & is succeeded by the pro-Prussian Peter III |
| 1791 | Frederick William II | |
| 2nd Aug Paris Agrees an alliance with Leopold II to restore Louis XVI to the French throne |
| 1805 | Frederick William III | |
| 3rd Nov Prussia joins the third coalition against France by signing a secret Treaty at Potsdam |
| 1805 | Maximilian I Joseph | |
| Makes an alliance with France against the Allies |
| 1812 | Frederick William III | |
| 24th Feb Prussia allows for the free passage of French troops against Russia |
| 1813 | Maximilian I Joseph | |
| Agrees an Alliance with Austria against France |
| 1815 | Francis II | |
| As Emperor of Austria joins the Holy Alliance |
| 1851 | Manteuffel, Otto von | |
| Jan Prussia will defend Austria if it accepts Prussia within the German Confederation |
| 1863 | Bismarck-Schonhausen, Otto Furst von | |
| 28th Nov Schleswig Holst Allies with Austria after declaration of Danish union over Schleswig-Holstein |
| 1865 | Bismarck-Schonhausen, Otto Furst von | |
| Schleswig Schleswig Holstein swears allegiance to Prussia & joins the Prussian armed forces |
| 1866 | Louis II | |
| Bavaria Supports Austria |
| 1870 | Bismarck-Schonhausen, Otto Furst von | |
| Emms The publication of the Emms telegram rallies southern German states |
| 1870 | Louis II | |
| Bavaria Supports Prussia |
| 1871 | Bismarck-Schonhausen, Otto Furst von | |
| St Petersburg Reconciles William & Francis Joseph & discusses alliance with Beust |
| 1871 | Ludwig II | |
| Offers the German crown to the King of Prussia |
| Supports Prussia, although supported Austria against Prussia in 1866 |
| 1872 | Bismarck-Schonhausen, Otto Furst von | |
| St Petersburg William, Franz Joseph & Nicholas meet, Bismarck wants to create another Holy Alliance |
| 1873 | Bismarck-Schonhausen, Otto Furst von | |
| St Petersburg William, Moltke & Bismarck agree a military convention with the Russians |
| 22nd Oct An alliance of the Emperors of Germany, Russia & Austria |
| 1878 | Bismarck-Schonhausen, Otto Furst von | |
| Berlin Abandons the National Liberals in favour of the Conservatives after the Kulturkampf |
| 1879 | Bismarck-Schonhausen, Otto Furst von | |
| Breaks from the national liberals & relies upon the conservative parties |
| Does not create a "greater Germany", preserves the balance of power |
| 7th Oct Agrees a dual alliance between Austria & Germany, similar to the Holy Alliance |
| 7th Oct Austria & Germany agree neutrality if either is at war, except against Russia |
| 7th Oct Austria & Germany agree to support each other in any war with Russia |
| 7th Oct Signed between Austria-Hungary & Germany, despite William I's opposition |
| 7th Oct The Austrian alliance is used to prevent & Crimean coaliton & avoid another war |
| 1908 | Bulow, Bernhard Heinrich Martin | |
| Strengthens the Triple Entente between Great Britain, France & Russia |
| 1914 | Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald von | |
| 5th July Assures Francis -Joseph Germany will not desert Austria during its conflict with Serbia |
| 5th July Informs the Austria Germany will support Austria against Serbia, the "blank cheque" |
| 1918 | Ebert, Friedrich | |
| 9th Nov Berlin Ebert makes a pact over the phone with General Wilhelm Groener |
| 1926 | Marx, Wihelm | |
| The armed forces secretly co-operate with the Russian Red Army |
| 1928 | Hess, Rudolph | |
| Berlin Succeeds in raising funds from Fritz Thyssen |
| 1931 | Hitler, Adolf | |
| 9th July Berlin Issues a joint statement agreeing to co-operate in "overthrowing" the existing system |
| 9th July Berlin Makes an agreement in Berlin with Hugenburg & the German National Party |
| 1931 | Hugenburg, Alfred | |
| 9th July Berlin Joint statement with Hitler to cooperate in "overthrowing" the existing system |
| 1931 | Schleicher, Kurt von | |
| Berlin Allies the Army with the Nazi Party |
| 1932 | Schleicher, Kurt von | |
| 8th May Berlin Agrees a deal with the Nazis to lift the ban on the SA |
| 8th May Berlin Agrees a Presidential Cabinet of Hindenburg's choosing & dissolution of the Reichstag |
| 1933 | Blomberg, Werner von | |
| 1st Mar Issues a directive to the Officer Corps openly supporting the NAZIs |
| 1933 | Henlein, Konrad | |
| The Party newspaper receives 120,000 Czech crowns from the 3rd Reich |
| Sudetenland The Party receives a subsidy of 8 million crowns from Rudolf Hess |
| 1933 | Hitler, Adolf | |
| 4th Jan Cologne It is agreed Papen will ask Hindenburg to make Hitler Chancellor |
| 4th Jan Cologne Meets Papen at von Schroeder's home |
| 20th Feb Business leaders meet at the President's Palace & agree to financially support Hitler |
| 1933 | Schleicher, Kurt von | |
| Berlin Splitting the Nazis under Gregor Strasser fails |
| 1935 | Hitler, Adolf | |
| 11th April Magiorre A conference at Maggiore attended by Italy, Britain & France |
| 11th April Magiorre The Stresa Front is formed which condemns Germany's violations of Versailles |
| 1936 | Hitler, Adolf | |
| Feb France ratifies a treaty with Russia, Hitler uses this to march into the Rhineland |
| 11th July Austria agrees that her foreign policy would be determined as a "German State" |
| 1st Nov Berlin Signs the agreement, effectively ending the Treaty of Versailles |
| 1936 | Nehring, Walter Kurt Josef | |
| Ordered to take control of the flow of guns, tanks & volunteers to Franco's army |
| 1936 | Neurath, Constantin Freiher von | |
| Locarno Advises Hitler to withdraw from the 1925 Locarno pact |
| 1936 | Ribbentrop, Joachim von | |
| Berlin Negotiates the German-Japanese Anti-Comintern Pact |
| 25th Nov Berlin Signs the Anti-Commintern Pact with Japan |
| 1937 | Ribbentrop, Joachim von | |
| 6th Nov Berlin Obtains Mussolini's signature for the Anti-Commintern Pact in Rome |
| 1938 | Henlein, Konrad | |
| 28th Mar Sudetenland Hitler promises to support Henlein & make him Viceroy of Czech |
| 1938 | Ribbentrop, Joachim von | |
| Oct Draws up the terms of a pact between Germany, Italy & Japan |
| Oct Visits Mussolini to sign the pact with Italy |
| 1939 | Hitler, Adolf | |
| 24th Aug Berlin Signs the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact |
| 1939 | Ribbentrop, Joachim von | |
| 22nd May Signs the Pact for Germany with Italy |
| 1940 | Hitler, Adolf | |
| 20th Nov Hungary joins the Axis Powers |
| 23rd Nov Romania joins the Axis Powers |
| 24th Nov Slovakia joins the Axis Powers |
| 1940 | Ribbentrop, Joachim von | |
| Negotiates the Italo-German-Japanese Alliance |
| 1941 | Hitler, Adolf | |
| 1st Mar Bulgaria joins the Tripartite Pact |
| 25th Mar Yugoslavia signs the Tripartite Pact |
| 1941 | Ribbentrop, Joachim von | |
| Mar Announce Bulgaria has joined the Axis powers |
| 1942 | Kesselring, Albrecht | |
| Responsible for land & air forces & keeping Italy in the war |
| 1944 | Hitler, Adolf | |
| 23rd Aug Romanian Prime Minister Ion Antonescu is dismissed by King Michael, paving the way for Romania to abandon the Axis in favor of the Allies |
| 1994 | Worner, Manfred | |
| Bonn The Warsaw Pact is invited to join the Partnership For Peace |
